An associate degree is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by community colleges, junior colleges, technical colleges, bachelor's degree-granting colleges, and universities upon completion of a course of study usually lasting two years. Some jobs typically require only an associate degree, such as lab technicians, nurses, nutritionists, teachers in early-childhood programs, computer technicians, criminal justice jobs, draftsmen, radiation therapists, paralegals, and machinists.
Time requirements
An associate degree is awarded to students who complete 90 quarter credit hours or 60 semester credit hours of schooling. Typically, on a full-time schedule, this requires two years to complete.
Other requirements include "general education" courses, such as English composition, algebra, social interaction, humanities, etc. Some people refer to associate degrees as "two-year" degrees because it is possible to obtain the degree in approximately that length of time. For students who place into developmental (sometimes called pre-college or remedial) courses, the time will be extended since these credits will not apply toward the associate degree. Conversely, high school graduates who enter college with a high amount of transfer credits (AP, AICE, IB, CLEP) could finish the degree in less than two years. In rare circumstances, some students take one year to earn the associate degree.
Other credentials, called either a certificate or a diploma, may be awarded for specific studies that either do not meet the associate degree requirements for general education or for program length. For example, certification in a particular field of information technology may only run for four to six months and will most typically require coursework only in that subject matter, without any "Gen Ed" requirement. At two-year colleges in the United States, more students attend part-time than full-time. To accommodate part-time students, many of whom work, most US community colleges offer required courses during evening and weekend hours and increasingly, online (the Sloan Consortium reports that 51% of all degrees earned online are associate degrees.)
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Names of associate degrees
Data on associate degrees are frequently disaggregated by curriculum: vocational or nonvocational. The Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS) counts nonvocational degrees under the category "Arts and Sciences or General Programs," and vocational degrees fall under six headings:
- Business and commerce technologies
- Data processing technologies
- Health services/paramedical technologies
- Mechanical/engineering technologies
- Natural science technologies
- Public service-related technology
Europe and Australia
The Foundation degree in the United Kingdom Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE) in Scotland and the Higher Certificate in the Republic of Ireland can be considered European equivalents of associate degrees. These programs are mainly provided through affiliated colleges at universities.
France formerly offered the General Academic Studies Degree from 1973 until implementation of the Bologna Process between 2003 and 2006. Since then it has been replaced by the Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT) and the Brevet de Technicien Supérieur (BTS); both of which are two-year degrees delivered by either an IUT (University Institutes of Technology) for the DUT or a Lycée for the BTS.
In 2004, Australia added "associate degree" to the Australian Qualifications Framework. This title was given to more academically focused advanced diploma courses. However, very few courses yet use the new title.
In the Netherlands, there were four pilots between 2005 and 2011 to assess the added value of the associate degree. In 2011 the associate degree has been added to the Dutch system of higher education as a means to close the gap with the vocational education system.
Canada
In the province of Ontario, a college is an educational institution which awards a 1-year certificate, 2-year diploma or a 3-year advanced diploma in technical or career programs. Universities offer 3 or 4-year bachelor's degrees, and at times partner with career colleges to offer joint diploma-degree programs. For example, the University of Toronto Scarborough and Centennial College offer a joint Diploma-Degree program in paramedicine. Students are eligible to enter these programs once they have completed an Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) program at a high school, focusing their studies on college preparation. Students who wish to attend university must study a different stream of academics while obtaining their OSSD.
In the province of Quebec, an associate degree is roughly equivalent to a college diploma, which is delivered by a college-level institution. Students can take two different paths to obtain a college diploma. One way consists of completing a pre-university program, which normally has a duration of two years and prepares the applicant for university-level studies. The other way consists of completing a technical or career program in a college. Normally, courses of this nature have a duration of three years and enable the student to enter the work force directly after obtaining their diploma.
Associate degrees are offered at some universities and colleges in British Columbia.
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, associate degrees, first introduced into the territory in 2000 with the aim to increase the number of students with post-secondary qualifications, are generally regarded as an inferior substitute to bachelor's degrees. The quality of teaching and graduates have been under doubt since it was introduced. Many degree-awarding and non-degree-awarding institutions start to offer associate degree courses following the government's encouragement; some of them are accused of over-admission for profits. Students who do not do well enough for university admission in the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination (HKDSE), the public examination sat by the territory's students in the final year of their secondary education, enroll in associate degree courses with the hope to obtain a place for government-funded bachelor's degree courses. As the number of university graduates continues to increase, more and more associate degree holders are finding it difficult to get employed and receive the salaries that were advertised by the government or the institutions. Although the recognition of associate degrees gradually improved in recent years, it was generally regarded as one of the worst flaws of the Hong Kong education system.
United States
In the United States, associate degrees are usually earned in two years or less and can be attained at community colleges, technical colleges, vocational schools, and some colleges. A student who completes a two-year program can earn an Associate of Arts (A.A.) or an Associate of Science (A.S.). A.A. degrees are usually earned in humanities, business, and social science fields. A.S. degrees are awarded to those studying in scientific and technical fields. Students who complete a two-year technical or vocational program can earn an Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S., easily confused with the Associate of Arts and Science). They may also have the option to use the credits from the associate degree toward a bachelor's degree.
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